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Dictionaries and Sets:
Dictionaries and sets are versatile data structures that provide fast access and retrieval of data, making them essential tools for handling key-value pairs and unique elements.
# Example of dictionaries and sets
# Dictionary: Mapping names to ages
ages = {“Alice”: 25, “Bob”: 30, “Charlie”: 22}
print(ages[“Alice”]) # Output: 25
# Set: Storing unique elements
fruits = {“apple”, “banana”, “orange”, “apple”}
print(fruits) # Output: {“apple”, “banana”, “orange”}
Collections Module (deque, namedtuple, defaultdict):
The Collections module offers specialized data structures beyond the built-in data types, such as deque, namedtuple, and defaultdict, adding extra flexibility and functionality to your code.
# Example of deque, namedtuple, and defaultdict
from collections import deque, namedtuple, defaultdict
# Deque: Double-ended queue for fast appends and pops
my_queue = deque([1, 2, 3])
my_queue.append(4)
print(my_queue) # Output: deque([1, 2, 3, 4])
# Namedtuple: Named tuples for readable data structures
Person = namedtuple(“Person”, [“name”, “age”])
person1 = Person(“Alice”, 25)
print(person1.name) # Output: Alice
# Defaultdict: Dictionary with default factory function
student_scores = defaultdict(int)
student_scores[“Alice”] = 95
print(student_scores[“Bob”]) # Output: 0 (default int value)
Heapq and Priority Queues:
Heapq is a Python module that provides heap-based priority queues. These data structures are useful when you need to efficiently manage items based on their priority.
# Example of heapq and priority queues
import heapq
# Creating a priority queue
my_heap = [3, 1, 5, 4, 2]
heapq.heapify(my_heap)
# Pushing and popping items with priority
heapq.heappush(my_heap, 6)
print(heapq.heappop(my_heap)) # Output: 1 (lowest priority element)
Conclusion:
Mastering advanced data structures in Python, such as dictionaries, sets, deque, namedtuple, defaultdict, heapq, and priority queues, is key to writing efficient and well-organized code. With these tools at your disposal, you can tackle complex data management tasks and achieve optimal performance in your Python projects. Embrace the power of advanced data structures, and let your code soar to new heights of efficiency and elegance. Happy coding!