Coding Tools
Command Line Basics for Beginners
The dozen terminal commands every programming tutorial assumes you already know — moving around, listing files, running programs, and what "is not…
All guides
Every guide on the site, newest first. Explanations, projects and fixes written in plain English.
JavaScript
Client-Side Web APIs in JavaScript
The browser APIs your JavaScript can use directly — fetch, storage, geolocation, clipboard, observers — and how to use each without breaking…
Coding Tools
Git Branching for Beginners
What a branch actually is, the four commands you need, how to merge, and how to get out of a merge conflict…
PHP
Handling Errors and Exceptions in PHP
The difference between errors and exceptions in PHP, how try/catch/finally works, when to throw your own, and why you must never show…
JavaScript
JavaScript Form Validation Explained
Use the browser’s built-in validation first, then add JavaScript for the parts it cannot do — with error messages screen readers actually…
PHP
Functions and Customising Behaviour in PHP
Writing PHP functions, default and named arguments, type declarations, and using callables so one function can behave differently for different callers.
Programming Projects
JavaScript Project: Build a Weather App
Fetch live data and display it properly — including the loading and error states most tutorials skip. Built so it works with…
PHP
Working with Forms and Form Handling in PHP
How PHP receives form data, why you must never trust it, and the validation, escaping and redirect pattern that makes a form…
Programming Projects
Python Project: Build an Expense Tracker
A command-line expense tracker that saves to JSON, groups spending by category and prints a monthly report. Extends the to-do list with…
Python
Python Array Manipulation: Fixing Errors and Improving Efficiency
The array errors beginners hit most — IndexError, modifying while looping, the copy trap — plus the changes that actually make list…
Programming Projects
Python Project: Build a File Organiser
A Python script that tidies a messy downloads folder by file type. Covers pathlib, dictionaries and — most importantly — how to…
Python
Working with Files and I/O in Python
Reading and writing files, handling paths that work on every machine, and the encoding trap that only appears on someone else’s computer.
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