PHP
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in PHP
Classes, constructors, visibility, interfaces and traits in PHP — with constructor promotion and the modern syntax that removes most of the boilerplate.
PHP
Server-side PHP explained simply — forms, sessions, databases and the errors that stop beginners. Practical examples you can run on a local server.
5 guides
PHP
Arrays and Data Structures in PHP
PHP arrays are both lists and dictionaries. How indexed and associative arrays differ, the functions worth knowing, and when to reach for…
PHP
Handling Errors and Exceptions in PHP
The difference between errors and exceptions in PHP, how try/catch/finally works, when to throw your own, and why you must never show…
PHP
Functions and Customising Behaviour in PHP
Writing PHP functions, default and named arguments, type declarations, and using callables so one function can behave differently for different callers.
PHP
Working with Forms and Form Handling in PHP
How PHP receives form data, why you must never trust it, and the validation, escaping and redirect pattern that makes a form…
Related topics
Where to go next
Programming Basics
The ideas every language shares — variables, loops, functions and how a program actually runs.
10 guides
Python
Plain-English Python guides, from your first line of code to small programs that do real work.
18 guides
JavaScript
How JavaScript works in the browser, explained with short examples you can paste and run.
14 guides
Keep going — pick your next guide
The fastest way to improve is to read one guide, then build the thing it describes. Start with the basics, or jump straight to a project.